1. Studies on the traditional herbal anthelmintic Chenopodium ambrosioides L.: ethnopharmacological evaluation and clinical field trials.

Kliks MM.

Soc Sci Med. 1985;21(8):879-86.

2. Fungitoxicity of essential oils against dermatophytes.

Kishore N, Mishra AK, Chansouria JP.

Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.

Mycoses. 1993 May-Jun;36(5-6):211-5.

3. [Traditional medicine in the treatment of enteroparasitosis] [Article in Spanish]

Giove Nakazawa RA.

Centro Medico Servicio Popular de Salud, Takiwasi, Peru.

Rev Gastroenterol Peru. 1996 Sep-Dec;16(3):197-202.

PMID: 12165783 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

4. Plants used in the treatment of leishmanial ulcers due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in an endemic area of Bahia, Brazil.

Franca F, Lago EL, Marsden PD.

Nucleo de Medicina Tropical e Nutricao, Universidade de Brasilia, Brazil.

Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 1996 May-Jun;29(3):229-32.

PMID: 8701041 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

5. Plants used as abortifacients and emmenagogues by Spanish New Mexicans.

Conway GA, Slocumb JC.

J Ethnopharmacol. 1979 Oct;1(3):241-61.

6. Ethnophysiology and herbal treatments of intestinal worms in Dominica, West Indies.

Quinlan MB, Quinlan RJ, Nolan JM.

Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri-Columbia, 107 Swallow Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. mbquinlan@yahoo.com

J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Apr;80(1):75-83.

PMID: 11891089 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

7. Ascaridole as a pharmacologically active principle of “Paico,” a medicinal Peruvian plant.

Okuyama E, Umeyama K, Saito Y, Yamazaki M, Satake M.

Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan.

Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1993 Jul;41(7):1309-11.

PMID: 8374999 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

8. Cytotoxic effect of Argentine medicinal plant extracts on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line.

Ruffa MJ, Ferraro G, Wagner ML, Calcagno ML, Campos RH, Cavallaro L.

Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquijmica, Catedra de Virologija, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Capital Federal, Argentina.

J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Mar;79(3):335-9.

PMID: 11849838 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

9. The effect of the volatile oils of Chenopodium ambrosioides and Thymus vulgaris against the larvae of Lucilia sericata (Meigen).

Morsy TA, Shoukry A, Mazyad SA, Makled KM.

Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt.

J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1998 Aug;28(2):503-10.

PMID: 9707679 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

10. Activity of ascaridol from the anthelmintic herb Chenopodium anthelminticum L. against sensitive and multidrug-resistant tumor cells.

Efferth T, Olbrich A, Sauerbrey A, Ross DD, Gebhart E, Neugebauer M.

Virtual Campus Rhineland-Palatinate, Saac Fulda-Allee 3, 55124 Mainz, Germany. efferth@vcrp.de

Anticancer Res. 2002 Nov-Dec;22(6C):4221-4.

PMID: 12553060 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

11. In vitro genotoxic evaluation of the medicinal plant Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

Gadano A, Gurni A, Lopez P, Ferraro G, Carballo M.

Citogenetica y Genetica Toxicologica, Departamento de Bioquimica Clinica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 956-1113-Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina. abgadano@dbc.ffyb.uba.ar

J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Jun;81(1):11-6.

PMID: 12020922 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

12. Cytotoxic effect of Argentine medicinal plant extracts on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line.

Ruffa MJ, Ferraro G, Wagner ML, Calcagno ML, Campos RH, Cavallaro L.

Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquijmica, Catedra de Virologija, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Capital Federal, Argentina.

J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Mar;79(3):335-9.

PMID: 11849838 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

13. [Ascariasis: comparison of the therapeutic efficacy between paico and albendazole in children from Huaraz] [Article in Spanish]

Lopez De Guimaraes D, Neyra Llanos RS, Romero Acevedo JH.

Departamento de Medicina, Hospital Victor Ramos Guardia, Huaraz, Peru.

Rev Gastroenterol Peru. 2001 Jul-Sep;21(3):212-9.

PMID: 11818981 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

14. Ascaridole-less infusions of Chenopodium ambrosioides contain a nematocide(s) that is(are) not toxic to mammalian smooth muscle.

MacDonald D, VanCrey K, Harrison P, Rangachari PK, Rosenfeld J, Warren C, Sorger G.

Department of Medicine, Hons. Biology-Pharmacology Coop Programme, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada.

J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Jun;92(2-3):215-21.

PMID: 15138003 [PubMed - in process]

15. In vitro genotoxic evaluation of the medicinal plant Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

Gadano A, Gurni A, Lopez P, Ferraro G, Carballo M.

Citogenetica y Genetica Toxicologica, Departamento de Bioquimica Clinica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 956-1113-Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina. abgadano@dbc.ffyb.uba.ar

J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Jun;81(1):11-6.

PMID: 12020922 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

1. Studies on the traditional herbal anthelmintic Chenopodium ambrosioides L.: ethnopharmacological evaluation and clinical field trials.

Kliks MM.

Soc Sci Med. 1985;21(8):879-86.

Infusions and decoctions of the leaves, roots and inflorescences of the herbaceous shrub Chenopodium ambrosioides (American wormseed, goosefoot, epazote, paico) and related species indigenous to the New World have been used for centuries as dietary condiments and as traditional anthelmintics by native peoples for the treatment of intestinal worms. Commercial preparations of oil of chenopodium and its active constituent, ascaridol, obtained by steam distillation, have been and continue to be, used with considerable success in mass treatment campaigns. Ethnopharmacological studies in a community of Mayan subsistence farmers in Chiapas, Mexico, confirmed that decoctions containing up to 300 mg of dry plant material per kg body weight (MGKGW) were widely used and traditionally highly regarded in the treatment of ascariasis. However, therapeutic doses of up to 6000 MGKGW of powdered, dried plant had no significant anthelmintic effect on the adults of Necator, Trichuris of Ascaris. Gas-liquid chromatographic analyses of plant samples used consistently demonstrated the presence of ascaridol in the expected amounts. Possible origins of subjective belief in the efficacy of C. ambrosioides as used, may be related to the positive association of spontaneous, or peristalsis-induced passage of senescent worms immediately following a therapeutic episode. It is also possible that in the past varieties of the plant containing much more ascaridol were used. The results of these controlled field studies did not sustain widely held traditional beliefs, nor the value of therapeutic practices regarding this plant. It is, therefore, essential that all indigenous ethnomedical practices be objectively evaluated for efficacy and safety using appropriate protocols before being considered for adoptation or promotion in health care programs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Publication Types: Clinical Trial, Historical Article

2. Fungitoxicity of essential oils against dermatophytes.

Kishore N, Mishra AK, Chansouria JP.

Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.

Mycoses. 1993 May-Jun;36(5-6):211-5.

Sixteen essential oils were screened in vitro for their fungitoxicity against the two dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum gypseum. Five oils (from Artemisia nelagrica, Caesulia axillaris, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Cymbopogon citratus and Mentha arvensis) showed strong activity and were assessed for their fungitoxicity against eight other dermatophytes as well as against Aspergillus fumigatus and Cladosporium trichoides. These five essential oils by formulation of ointments were able to cure experimental ringworm in guinea pigs within 7 to 12 days. Artemisia oil was found to be the most effective essential oil.

3. [Traditional medicine in the treatment of enteroparasitosis] [Article in Spanish]

Giove Nakazawa RA.

Centro Medico Servicio Popular de Salud, Takiwasi, Peru.

Rev Gastroenterol Peru. 1996 Sep-Dec;16(3):197-202.

This study evaluating Chenopodium ambrosioides (paico) as an antiparasitic agent was conducted in two villages near Tarapoto, San Martin. Extracts from leaves of “paico” were given to 72 patients (children and adults) with intestinal parasitic infections. Their stools were analized before and 8 days after the intake.We observed antiparasitary efficacy in 56% of the cases. With respect to the parasites tested for, the efficacy was 100% for Ancilostoma and Trichuris and 50% for Ascaris. We didn’t observe any significant difference relative to age or sex.A review of other popular methods used in this region is done.

Publication Types: Clinical Trial

PMID: 12165783 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

4. Plants used in the treatment of leishmanial ulcers due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in an endemic area of Bahia, Brazil.

Franca F, Lago EL, Marsden PD.

Nucleo de Medicina Tropical e Nutricao, Universidade de Brasilia, Brazil.

Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 1996 May-Jun;29(3):229-32.

This paper records the plants used in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (L(V)b) among the rural population of a cocoa-producing coastal area of Bahia state, Brazil. An enquiry conducted among a hundred patients identified 49 plants species used to treat skin ulceration caused by this Leishmania species. The principal plants used are caju-branco (Anacardium occidentale, Anacardiaceae), used by 65% of the population, folha-fogo (Clidemia hirta,Melastomataceae) 39%, alfavaca-grossa (Plectranthus amboinicus, Lamiaceae) 33%, mastruz (Chenopodium ambrosioides, Chenopodiaceae) 31%, erva-de-santa-maria (Solanum americanum, Solanaceae) (25%) and transagem (Plantago major, Plantaginaceae) 2%.

PMID: 8701041 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

5. Plants used as abortifacients and emmenagogues by Spanish New Mexicans.

Conway GA, Slocumb JC.

J Ethnopharmacol. 1979 Oct;1(3):241-61.

Individuals of Spanish and Mexican descent in New Mexico have used a number of plants as emmenagogues and abortifacients. Of the plants used, cotton root bark (Gossypium sp.), inmortal ((Asclepias capricornu Woodson), poleo chino (Hedeoma oblongifolia (Gray) Heller), rue Ruta graveolens L.), wormseed (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.), and three species of Artemesia seem to be used most widely. Of these, the cotton root bark, when used as an abortifacient, seems to exhibit the lowest toxicity. Rue is notable because of its use independently within different cultures, but may exhibit toxic side effects when used as an abortifacient. Seven other plants are outlined on the basis of anecdotal and folkloric reports. Investigations are underway to look at use effectiveness, side effects, impact on fertility, and acceptance among cultures of the Southwestern United States.

PIP: Spanish and Mexican descendents in New Mexico have used plants as emmenagogues and abortifacients to bring on their periods if pregnancy is suspected. The absence of menses in a woman must be treated as a disease because menses is believed to be the removal of bad blood. The most widely used plants are cotton root bark (Gossypium sp.), inmortal (Asclepias capricornu Woodson), wormseed (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.), poleo chino (Hedeoma oblongifolia), rue (Ruta graveolens L.), and 3 species of Aremesia. The cotton root bark, when used as an abortifacient, exhibits the lowest toxicity. Rue is used independently within different cultures but may exhibit toxic side effects when used as an abortifacient. The plants are used by 3 principal practitioners: 1) curanderos (healers), who tend to specialize in the care of certain diseases; 2) herbalists, who use many of the materials used in traditional medicine; and 3) brujos, who are sorcerers and witches. Other plants used are osha, chuchupate-lovage; ponso or tanse-tansy; poleo-spearmint or pennyroyal mint; amolillo-wild licorice; dormilon-tall cone flower; malva; and, lanten-plantain. The least toxic abortifacients are species of Gossypium, Ruta, Ligusticum, Asclepias, and Rudbeckia.

6. Ethnophysiology and herbal treatments of intestinal worms in Dominica, West Indies.

Quinlan MB, Quinlan RJ, Nolan JM.

Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri-Columbia, 107 Swallow Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. mbquinlan@yahoo.com

J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Apr;80(1):75-83.

In rural Dominican ethnophysiology worms reside in a human organ called the ‘worm bag’. Unchecked, worms can cause illness by growing in size and number, spreading out of the worm bag and into other organs. In this study of ‘bush medicine’, we use a measure of cognitive salience in free-listing tasks, which reveals five plants commonly used to treat intestinal worms. These were Ambrosia hispida (Asteraceae), Aristolochia trilobata (Aristlochiaceae), Chenopodium ambrosioides (Chenopodiaceae), Portulaca oleracea (Portulacaceae), and Artemisia absinthium (Asteraceae). Bioactive compounds appear to be present in all of these plants. The cognitive salience of these plant remedies coupled with evidence of biochemical properties suggest that they provide efficacious treatments for controlling intestinal parasite loads.

PMID: 11891089 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

7. Ascaridole as a pharmacologically active principle of “Paico,” a medicinal Peruvian plant.

Okuyama E, Umeyama K, Saito Y, Yamazaki M, Satake M.

Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan.

Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1993 Jul;41(7):1309-11.

“Paico,” Chenopodium ambrosioides L., is a traditional Peruvian medicine which is considered to be nervine, antirheumatic, anthelmintic, etc. An attempt was made to isolate the component having sedative and/or analgesic properties from “Paico” and “Aritasou” (the Japanese name for C. ambrosioides). Ascaridole was identified as the active principle in both materials.

PMID: 8374999 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

8. Cytotoxic effect of Argentine medicinal plant extracts on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line.

Ruffa MJ, Ferraro G, Wagner ML, Calcagno ML, Campos RH, Cavallaro L.

Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquijmica, Catedra de Virologija, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Capital Federal, Argentina.

J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Mar;79(3):335-9.

Methanolic extracts from Achyrocline satureioides (Dc.) Lam, Aristolochia macroura Gomez, Lithraea molleoides (Vell.) Engl., Schinus molle L., unlike those from Celtis spinosa Spreng, Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Petiveria alliacea L., and Plantago major L. showed cytotoxic activity against a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, Hep G2. Schinus molle L. was the most active (IC50=50+/-7 microg/ml). These results call for further studies of these extracts.

PMID: 11849838 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

9. The effect of the volatile oils of Chenopodium ambrosioides and Thymus vulgaris against the larvae of Lucilia sericata (Meigen).

Morsy TA, Shoukry A, Mazyad SA, Makled KM.

Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt.

J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1998 Aug;28(2):503-10.

Nowadays, there are many problems with the use of chemical insecticides as resistance, environmental pollution, toxicity to man and animal... etc. All these required the investigation of a new line for controlling arthropod pests of medical and agricultural importance. The volatile oils of Chenopodium ambrosioides (American wormseed) and Thymus vulgaris (Tyme) proved to be effective against the third stage larvae of Lucilia sericata. The LC50 confidence limits were 70 ppm and 130 ppm for both volatile oils respectively. No doubt, the use of these plant volatile oils, which are widely distributed in the Egyptian flora, more cheap, more safe and without any pollution or hazard, is recommended.

PMID: 9707679 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

10. Activity of ascaridol from the anthelmintic herb Chenopodium anthelminticum L. against sensitive and multidrug-resistant tumor cells.

Efferth T, Olbrich A, Sauerbrey A, Ross DD, Gebhart E, Neugebauer M.

Virtual Campus Rhineland-Palatinate, Saac Fulda-Allee 3, 55124 Mainz, Germany. efferth@vcrp.de

Anticancer Res. 2002 Nov-Dec;22(6C):4221-4.

Ascaridol is the active principle of the American wormseed Chenopodium anthelminticum L. We isolated ascaridol from a commercial preparation of Chenopodium oil and analyzed its activity against different tumor cell lines in vitro (CCRF-CEM, HL60, MDA-MB-231). Multidrug-resistant (MDR) counterparts of these cell lines express differentially the MDR-conferring ATP-binding cassette transporter genes MDR1, MRP1 and BCRP, respectively. We found that ascaridol exerts antineoplastic activity. The findings of the present investigation are the first hint that ascaridol may be an interesting novel candidate drug for cancer treatment.

PMID: 12553060 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

11. Gadano A, Gurni A, Lopez P, Ferraro G, Carballo M.

Citogenetica y Genetica Toxicologica, Departamento de Bioquimica Clinica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 956-1113-Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina. abgadano@dbc.ffyb.uba.ar

J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Jun;81(1):11-6.

Chenopodium ambrosioides (Chenopodiaceae) is an anthelmintic herb used in Latin-America’s folk medicine. The aim of this work is to evaluate genetic damage induced by decoction and infusion of this plant which were assayed in different concentrations (1, 10, 100, 1000 microg/ml), by addition of the extract to human lymphocyte cell cultures. The endpoints evaluated were chromosomal aberrations (CA), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), cell proliferation kinetics (CPK) and mitotic indexes (MI). The repeated measure analysis of variance was used for statistic evaluation of the results. The results showed (a) a statistical increase in the percentage of cells with CA and in the frequency of SCE when cultures were exposed to both preparations of Paico, (b) a decrease in MI of both preparations assayed, although no modification in the CPK values either in the infusion or in the decoction was observed. These results suggest a possible genotoxic effect of both preparations, probably due to different active principles.

PMID: 12020922 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

12. Cytotoxic effect of Argentine medicinal plant extracts on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line.

Ruffa MJ, Ferraro G, Wagner ML, Calcagno ML, Campos RH, Cavallaro L.

Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquijmica, Catedra de Virologija, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Capital Federal, Argentina.

J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Mar;79(3):335-9.

Methanolic extracts from Achyrocline satureioides (Dc.) Lam, Aristolochia macroura Gomez, Lithraea molleoides (Vell.) Engl., Schinus molle L., unlike those from Celtis spinosa Spreng, Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Petiveria alliacea L., and Plantago major L. showed cytotoxic activity against a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, Hep G2. Schinus molle L. was the most active (IC50=50+/-7 microg/ml). These results call for further studies of these extracts.

PMID: 11849838 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

13. [Ascariasis: comparison of the therapeutic efficacy between paico and albendazole in children from Huaraz] [Article in Spanish]

Lopez De Guimaraes D, Neyra Llanos RS, Romero Acevedo JH.

Departamento de Medicina, Hospital Victor Ramos Guardia, Huaraz, Peru.

Rev Gastroenterol Peru. 2001 Jul-Sep;21(3):212-9.

A therapeutical clinical trial was designed to study the effectiveness of Paico and Albendazole, for the treatment of ascariasis in a group of 60 children, between 3 and 14 years old, from a rural community in Huaraz. It was carried out between May and August, 2000. The sample was randomly divided into 30 cases for Paico and 30 for Albendazole, the criteria for entering the trial being a positive examination for Ascaris lumbricoides in feces. The treatment consisted in Paico juice: 1 ml/Kg for less than 10 Kg, and 2 ml/Kg in larger children, one dose before breakfast, for three consecutive days. The Albendazole was administered in a single dose of 400 mg in those over five years of age, and 200 mg in younger children. The effectiveness was evaluated qualitatively (the disappearance of the ascaris eggs from the feces) and quantitatively (decrease in the parasitic burden); in the stool examinations carried out in all cases on entering the study and 15 days after the treatment. All the stool samples were processed in the Referential Laboratory of the Regional Health Authority in Ancash.The qualitative effectiveness between Paico and Albendazole for the eradication of ascariasis was similar at 86.7%. The quantitative effectiveness was 59.5% for Paico and 58.3% for Albendazole. However, it was observed that, unlike Albedazole, Paico is 100% effective in the treatment of Hymenolepsis nana. Adverse effects were presented in 23.3% of the cases for both drugs. It is concluded that, although Paico and Albendazole have a similar effectiveness against Ascaris lumbricoides, Paico has the additional benefit of being effective against Hymenolepsis nana.

Publication Types: 1.Clinical Trial; 2.Randomized Controlled Trial; 3.

PMID: 11818981 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

14. Ascaridole-less infusions of Chenopodium ambrosioides contain a nematocide(s) that is(are) not toxic to mammalian smooth muscle.

MacDonald D, VanCrey K, Harrison P, Rangachari PK, Rosenfeld J, Warren C, Sorger G.

Department of Medicine, Hons. Biology-Pharmacology Coop Programme, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada.

J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Jun;92(2-3):215-21.

Infusions of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) have been used for centuries in the Americas as a popular remedy against intestinal worm infections. The essential oil of Chenopodium ambrosioides contains high levels of ascaridole, which is a potent anthelmintic, but which has also been responsible for human fatalities, leading to its disuse. Almost 90% of the nematocidal activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides infusions was due to a hydrophilic component different from ascaridole. Synthetic ascaridole and the ascaridole from infusions, extracted into hexane, caused a reduction of carbachol-induced contractions in rat gastrointestinal smooth muscle at concentrations required to kill Caenorhabditis elegans (L.). The herbal infusion and the ascaridole-free hexane-extracted aqueous residue of the above infusion, at nematocidal concentractions, had no detectable effect on smooth muscle contraction in the above system. It would appear that the traditional form of useage of Chenopodium ambrosioides infusions as a vermifuge is safer than the use of the herb’s essential oil.

PMID: 15138003 [PubMed - in process]

15. In vitro genotoxic evaluation of the medicinal plant Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

Gadano A, Gurni A, Lopez P, Ferraro G, Carballo M.

Citogenetica y Genetica Toxicologica, Departamento de Bioquimica Clinica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 956-1113-Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina. abgadano@dbc.ffyb.uba.ar

J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Jun;81(1):11-6.

Chenopodium ambrosioides (Chenopodiaceae) is an anthelmintic herb used in Latin-America’s folk medicine. The aim of this work is to evaluate genetic damage induced by decoction and infusion of this plant which were assayed in different concentrations (1, 10, 100, 1000 microg/ml), by addition of the extract to human lymphocyte cell cultures. The endpoints evaluated were chromosomal aberrations (CA), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), cell proliferation kinetics (CPK) and mitotic indexes (MI). The repeated measure analysis of variance was used for statistic evaluation of the results. The results showed (a) a statistical increase in the percentage of cells with CA and in the frequency of SCE when cultures were exposed to both preparations of Paico, (b) a decrease in MI of both preparations assayed, although no modification in the CPK values either in the infusion or in the decoction was observed. These results suggest a possible genotoxic effect of both preparations, probably due to different active principles.

PMID: 12020922 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]